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Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law

Content Standards

In this lesson, learners demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electric circuit, the concept of potential difference, and the graphical verification of Ohm’s Law using a virtual lab.

Performance Standards

Students will be able to:

  • Define electric current, voltage, and resistance. 
  • Measure current and voltage using virtual instruments. 
  • Plot and interpret Voltage vs. Current (V-I) graphs. 
  • Verify Ohm’s Law through experimentation. 
  • Analyze how resistance affects current in a circuit.

Alignment Standards

Reference: NCERT Class 10 Science  

The lesson is aligned with the NCERT Grade 10 Science Book-Chapter 11:  Electricity, Section : 4- Ohm’s Law

Learning Objectives

By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

  • Define and explain the relationship expressed in Ohm’s Law: V = I × R.
  • Use real-time virtual simulations to record data and verify Ohm’s Law.
  • Plot and interpret V-I graphs. 
  • Calculate resistance from the graph (slope). 
  • Predict outcomes when changing voltage or resistance.

Prerequisites (Prior Knowledge)

  • Basic understanding of electric current and circuits.
  • Knowledge of simple electric components (battery, bulb, wire). 
  • Understanding of the function of a voltmeter and ammeter. 
  • Familiarity with the concept of linear graphs.

Introduction

In this session, students will investigate how current and voltage are related in an electric circuit. They will use a virtual lab to experiment with different voltage settings and observe how current changes. Through this, they will verify Ohm’s Law and learn how resistance impacts the flow of electricity in a conductor.

Timeline (40 Minutes)

TitleApproximate DurationProcedureReference Material
Engage5

Ask: “What do you see in the picture?.”

Slides

Explore10

Ask: “ What happens if you increase the voltage in the bulb circuit”

Interactive Simulation: Connect a battery, resistor, voltmeter, and ammeter. Vary voltage (1V to 5V), observe current.

Slides

Explain10

Define Ohm’s Law: V = I × R. 

Explain resistance and units. 

Introduce real-time graphing (V on Y-axis, I on X-axis). Explain slope = Resistance using VR lab.

Slides + Virtual Lab

Evaluate10

Students will attempt the Self Evaluation task on LMS.

Virtual Lab

Extend5

Scenario discussion: Avi is an electrician and she gets a call from one of her friends named Bhavya, that she is having some electrical issues with heating wires at her place. Avi went to Bhavya’s house to fix the issue. Avi noticed that as soon as she reduces the length of the wire the heating problem goes away and comes back when she increases the length of wire. Help Avi to fix Bhavya’s electrical problem by providing a solution with detailed explanation.

Slides

Ohm’s Law

Introduction

Have you ever wondered why a bulb glows brighter when you increase the voltage or why some devices heat up when you connect them to power?

These everyday observations are governed by a simple yet powerful rule in electricity: Ohm’s Law.

In this session, learners will explore how voltage, current, and resistance are related, and how they can be measured and analyzed using real-time graphs in an electric circuit.

Theory

  • What is an Electric Current?
    Electric current is the flow of electric charges (electrons) through a conductor. It is measured in amperes (A) and flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal in an external circuit.
    Formula: I = Q / t
    (Current = Charge / Time)
  • What is Potential Difference (Voltage)?
    It is the energy required to move a unit charge between two points in a circuit. Measured in volts (V), it is the ‘push’ that drives the current. Think of it as water pressure in a pipe — the higher the pressure, the faster the water flows.
  • What is Resistance?
    Resistance is the opposition offered by a material to the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Like a narrow pipe slows water, resistance slows current.
  • Ohm’s Law – The Core Principle
    Ohm’s Law states: At constant temperature, the current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across it.
    Mathematically:  V = I × R
    Where, V = Voltage (Volts) , I = Current (Amperes),  R = Resistance (Ohms)
  • Why is Ohm’s Law Important?When you plot voltage (V) on the Y-axis and current (I) on the X-axis:
  1. You get a straight line through the origin. 
  2. The slope of the line = Resistance (R). 
  3. The steeper the line, the higher the resistance.

    This linear relationship verifies Ohm’s Law in real-time during the virtual simulation.
  1. It helps design electric circuits and calculate safe current limits.
  2. It tells us how devices respond to changes in voltage.
  3. It is used in nearly all electrical and electronic applications, from home wiring to microchips.
  • Does Ohm’s Law Always Hold True?

          Only Ohmic conductors (like metallic wires) follow this law.
          Non-ohmic devices like: Filament bulbs (which heat up), Diodes and LEDs do not show a straight-line V-I graph.

Vocabulary

This is the list of vocabulary terms used throughout the lesson.

  • Electric Current – The rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor.

  • Voltage (Potential Difference) – The work done per unit charge to move a charge between two points in a circuit.

  • Resistance – The opposition offered by a material to the flow of electric current.

  • Ohm’s Law – The current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across it at constant temperature.

  • Ammeter – A device used to measure the electric current in a circuit.

  • Voltmeter – A device used to measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit.

  • Conductor – A material that allows electric current to pass through it easily.

  • Ohmic Conductor – A conductor that obeys Ohm’s law, showing a linear V–I relationship.

  • Non-ohmic Device – A device that does not obey Ohm’s law and shows a nonlinear V–I relationship.

  • V-I Graph – A graph showing the variation of voltage with current in an electrical component.

  • Proportional – A relationship where one quantity changes at a constant rate with another.

  • Slope – The ratio showing how much one quantity changes in comparison to another on a graph.

  • Circuit – A closed loop through which electric current flows.

  • Resistor – A component used to control or limit the current in a circuit.

  • Linear Relationship – A relationship between two quantities that produces a straight-line graph.

Ohm’s Law

Category

Introduction

Welcome to the Ohm’s Law Virtual Lab!

In this interactive simulation, you’ll explore the relationship between Voltage (V), Current (I), and Resistance (R). By setting different voltage and resistance values, you will observe how current changes in an electric circuit. The simulation will automatically calculate the current using Ohm’s Law (I = V/R) and plot a real-time V-I graph to help you visualize this relationship. You’ll also analyze how the slope of the graph represents resistance, and conclude whether the conductor obeys Ohm’s Law.

Key Features

Click the components (Battery, Resistor, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Rheostat, Wires).
Editable input fields for voltage or resistance.
Real-time calculation and plotting of V-I graph.
Auto-calculation of slope = Resistance (R).

MCQs are integrated at the end of each module for engagement.

Step-by-Step Procedure for VR Experience

Step 1: Analyze the Circuit

  • Analyze the following components:

    • Battery (Power supply)
    • Voltmeter (parallel to resistor)
    • Ammeter (in series)
    • Rheostat or slider to vary voltage
    • Wires to complete the circuit

 Step 2: Input Voltage and Resistance

  • A prompt asks the user:
      “Enter the voltage (in Volts) you wish to apply across the resistor:”
  • User enters value or uses slider to adjust
  • Use slider to select the resistance: from range 1 to 10

Step 3: Observe Current

  • Based on user input:
     Current (I) is calculated using Ohm’s Law:
    I= V​ /R
  • The value of current is shown in Ammeter simulation

Step 4: View Graph

  • Graph is plotted for one case to straight line nature of Ohm’s law:

    • X-axis: Current (I in Amperes)
    • Y-axis: Voltage (V in Volts)
  • The slope of the line = Resistance (R)

Step 5: Analyze the Graph

  • A textbox explains:
     “A straight-line graph passing through the origin confirms Ohm’s Law. The slope of the line gives the resistance of the conductor.”

 Step 6: Evaluation

  • After interaction, students proceed to the quiz:

    • 2  MCQs
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